The fastest SSD you can have in your system would be Samsung 860 Pro (512GB) 2.5" SATA SSD. Provided that you plug it into SATA 3 port (aka SATA6G port, the gray colored one on your MoBo). While you can also go for PCI-E x1 SSD but since your PCI-E x1 slot is version 2.0, you'll get slower speeds out of it than from SATA 3 port.
Speed chart:
PCI-E 1.0 x1 = 2.5 Gbps raw = ~250MB/sec
PCI-E 2.0 x1 = 5.0 Gbps raw = ~500MB/sec
PCI-E 3.0 x1 = 8.0 Gbps raw = ~1000MB/sec
SATA 1 = 1.5 Gbps raw = 150MB/sec
SATA 2 = 3.0 Gbps raw = 300MB/sec
SATA 3 = 6 Gbps raw = 600MB/sec
The thing with 860 Pro (512GB) is that it costs way too much for average consumer to be worth it. For half the price of 860 Pro (512GB), you can go with Crucial MX500 (500GB)...