Usual culprit for this is changing hard drives, say you take a hard drive out of one machine and put it in another, or it could be straight up hard drive damage.
Before you go buying a new HDD, try resetting the MBR or re-installing the OS. You vaguely refer to install media, but try these explicitly if you haven't.
Guides:
http://pureinfotech.com/repair-master-boot-record-mbr-windows-10/
https://www.windowscentral.com/how-do-clean-installation-windows-10
I'm under the assumption that you tried to move over the hard drive as you indicate the drive is healthy. If that's the case, next time I'd recommend checking the config of the machines to see if they're a match and take the appropriate steps. Tools like Drive Cloner Rx and Acronis Image are there explicitly for things like this.
If it's not this and it's hardware failiure, well, you have to replace the drive. You can try cloning from the old to new to see if data can be saved. Drive Cloner Rx has a 30 day trial, so would recommend that. If that doesn't work you can try Recuva, but the chances of that working are slim so wouldn't put much weight in that.