Can a corrupted hard drive damage other PC parts?

Eximo

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Depends on why it became corrupted. If there is something physically wrong with the circuitry it could certainly cause a short, draw too much current, and damage parts of the motherboard and power supply.

If we are just talking about some sort of disk failure, as in the platter having corrupted sectors, or a failing read/write head / head crash, then no it is not likely to have damaged the rest of the system.
 

Malefic Grindylow

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Jun 23, 2014
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Is there any way to tell which one it is?
 

Eximo

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Generally you'll know when you've had a head crash based on noise alone. Electrical problems are not that easy to detect.

If the drive is still partially functional you can always risk hooking it back up and running vendor diagnostic tools on it. SMART reports show general disk health, repeated power failures in the SMART logs might reveal an internal power issue.