And I say yes...usually dust badly impacts cooling of components like CPU and GPU. Over time this then leads to reaching the components temperature maximums and causes e.g. stuttering in games, or even restarts and crashes.
So to answer your question...can do...yes, but not necessarily and it might take some time and a lot of dust though. I have seen cases already being dirty like h...and users wondering why the poor hardware did no longer want to operate.