Your card is 1070 gtx. It will work with the 144Hz, provided that you have a port on your laptop that you can plug your monitor into like DVI or HDMI. Avoid converters (dvi to hdmi and such), because they can have issues.
Now, assuming your laptop's refresh rate is default 60Hz or even the slightly better 75Hz, the jump to 144Hz will be noticeable. But not because of your fps that's currently displayed but the actual fps which you can see, that will go up. Understand that you are not physically seeing 180fps on your laptop because Hz means number of times display updates a second. If you can display 180 frames every second but your monitor can only show changes 75 times every second, then what you're seeing isn't 180 fps but 75. The reason you don't have screen tearing due to this difference is likely because your display is freesync, which is sorta like a better version of v-sync (but not really) which tries to adapt that higher frame rate to the display's refresh rate without tearing.
So....180 as a number is pointless. You're asking if you're going to be able to hit 144 (and keep it there for most of the play) on a 144Hz monitor, at low res, and answer is likely yes with that card. Will you be able to hit it on 1440p (instead of current 1080p) and 144Hz...no. So if you're getting a 144Hz, make sure it's 1080p.