One last DISM try, in a command prompt (run as Admin):
DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source:wim:E:\sources\install.wim:1 /limitaccess
Be sure to replace "E:" with your drive letter. Then try the update again.
If it doesn't work... then...
Read this message string here, especially the message from LittleJay and the very last message:
https://www.tenforums.com/performance-maintenance/13385-dism-error-0x800f081f-sfc-failed-repair.html
If you wish to go that route, for more info on how to repair with an "in place upgrade", or "Refresh Windows":
https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/4090-refresh-windows-10-a.html
If you have boot media ready (which I suspect that you do from our conversion) then I would try option #1 on that page. Be sure to choose the "Keep my files" option.
I always consider resetting, refreshing, or even re-installing the last resort, but I'm out of ideas. Maybe someone else can help if you do not want to try the refresh/in-place fix.
It honestly may not be that bad. Maybe the refresh will work on the first try and you can immediately install the .NET update right away. It's likely you will have to update Windows again (especially if your Win10 install disc/usb is a few months old). You may want to try what u2desire420 said above before doing the Windows updates (Control Panel to install .NET).