The only realistic way to find out is to swap parts out one by one. However, I understand that few of us have the luxury of spares to do this.
Ordinarily I would say the Motherboard (and to a lesser degree CPU as well) would be damaged by a short like that. However, if the motherboard is still able to boot and report a CPU error, it does suggest that the M/Board may have survived. Which suggests the CPU is the problem.
But this won't be reliable, because even if you replace a faulty CPU, there maybe other non essential components on the M/board that were damaged as well.
So consider these:
-You mentioned you had a dual Xeon M/board. Do you have more than one CPU? If so try each CPU separately.
-If the BIOS permits, try the CPU in the other socket, assuming you have a single CPU in the dual socket M/board.
-What are the costs to replace the M/board and CPU? If they are older models, it may be cost effective to source replacements for both to be sure.
-Ask a computer dealer with repair facilities about the cost to just test the Motherboard and CPU only. And ask them to test each part and advise if they work. They will have spares to do this easily. (You will just give them the M/Board and CPU only)
Geoff.