Single sided RAM is single rank. Double sided RAM is usually dual rank. There is also quad and octal rank memory.
The purpose of multi-rank modules is to increase module density. Another benefit of multiple rank is, having more open memory pages, which in some cases can increase performance.
A downside to all of this however is that more ranks increase loading on the memory controller, and each controller has a limit to how many ranks it can handle, and how fast it can handle them.
A perfect example is the new Ryzen CPU. The memory controller appears to give better performance with dual rank than single rank, for a given memory speed, but folks are finding that you can't clock the dual rank modules as high. The memory controller just...