Just to warn you again... Take a good look at the adapter that you initially linked, pay attention to the area around the flat - pin on the right.
Now look at this
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/DVI_pinout.svg
See what's missing? Now you know why it won't work.
As for the difference in quality between DVI-I and DVI-D, you probably won't see any difference as long as the monitor receives the digital signal. However, if you use a VGA adapter the monitor will only receive analog signals, as if your video card had a VGA port and you hook it up without any adapters.
As long as your monitor is only receiving analog signal, there can be a noticeable loss in visual quality especially at very high resolutions. 1080p and upwards you would probably want to be using full DVI or HDMI to ensure you get the best image quality. If you monitor can only accept VGA, it's resolution is probably not high enough to require anything better.
... and in case you're going to make a complete circle and ask "how do I get my monitor to receive digital signals?" The answer is simply by connecting it to the video card directly using a DVI, HDMI or DisplayPort cable.