I am a bit curious as to why you would not have bought a 1080 Ti with triple DisplayPort. Since you are aware of the issue.
Anyways, 144hz and 2560x1440 is beyond the capabilities of Dual Link DVI. You will need to use your HDMI. As the card supports HDMI 2.0. HDMI 2.0 is capable of a maximum 144hz refresh rate at 2560x1440.
The next question is. What does your monitor support? Many of the 144hz 2560x1440 monitors do not support HDMI 2.0.
I can't find any HDMI 2.0 to Displayport cables or adapters. I don't know if such a thing exists. Displayport to HDMI 2.0 adapters are one way they won't work HDMI to DP just DP to HDMI.
I would return the 1080 Ti unopened if that is an option. Then buy a model with triple Displayport. Even if...