Hey there, @JustEthan!
I'd recommend you create another bootable flash drive with the same Mac OS X version from a different computer and then try to re-install it from scratch onto the Macbook. Unfortunately, I'm not sure how successful your data recovery attempts will be, if you do want to retrieve any of the files at your own risk. However, I guess starting with a
Ubuntu Live CD might give you this chance. In any other case, I believe that a fresh install of the same OS would definitely get your Macbook back to life, if the issue is software-related.
Hope this helps. Good luck!
SuperSoph_WD