I'd run the free version of HDTune (http://www.hdtune.com/download.html) and let it run a full scan of your drive first - sounds exactly like what happened to my SSD; random parts of my music library were randomly starting to go bad, and so I ended up replacing the entire drive along with the files I'd lost.
To answer your actual question, though, I don't actually know of any software off the top of my head that will scan for general file corruption... I know that Windows will check its own system files with "sfc /scannow" from a command line, but those are only system files. ReCuva from Piriform (https://www.piriform.com/docs/recuva/using-recuva/recovering-files-from-damaged-or-reformatted-disks) might be able to help with finding damaged files, but you'll likely have to sort through quite a bit of other stuff it comes up with. It's definitely worth a try, though... I've used ReCuva with great success for getting files back from a HDD that lost its partitioning information once.