AstroMagic :
Jared Jensen :
The answer now will not change in a few months. The LGA 1155 socket is a dead end socket meaning that there aren't going to be any more products made for the platform. The fastest CPU for 1155 is the i7-3770K. But depending on what you're using your computer for, it might be a better option for you to go with the i5-3570K and it performs almost as well as the i7 in not so multi threaded applications.
What about fastest duel-core?
i3-3250
http://pcpartpicker.com/part/intel-cpu-bx80637i33250
*It's not much faster than what you already have now though.. it scores 4429 and yours scores 3870 in Passmark.
The reason it's not much faster is that it's only 200Mhz higher frequency and one generation newer but otherwise but have two cores which are hyperthreaded.
*It's worth noting that the i5-3330 is a 4-core (4C/4T) CPU of the same generation (3rd) but only runs at 3.2GHz. Thus it's almost 10% slower than the i3-3250 for clock frequency. In some cases an i3-3250 might match or even beat it!!
**I see no point in upgrading unless you get an i5-3570 or i5-3570K ("K" for Z77 motherboards)
4th gen (HASWELL) is 10% better at the same frequency as 3rd gen (i.e. 4.4GHz on 3rd is same as 4GHz on 4th). I recommend just keeping your system and upgrade to an i5-3570 or i5-3570K because otherwise you need a new motherboard and unless you have Windows 8 you likely need to buy a new copy of Windows as well (W8 OEM you buy yourself is transferable but W7 OEM is not).
Thus it's about $210 for an i5-3570, but to upgrade to 4th gen if you need W8.1 and a motherboard might cost $450+.