Gpus do not 'support' frequency as such. They are regulated by resolution. You can use an old and super wimpy GT710 on a 144Hz monitor without issue, even use old igpu from a core2 duo. The 144Hz is just the refresh rate of the monitor, gpu doesn't have anything to do with that.
Cpu regulates fps. Gpu is regulated by detail settings and resolution. Eg: if your cpu can dish out 100fps, it sends that to the gpu. The gpu puts that fps on the screen at your detail settings, 100fps. If the monitor is 60Hz, the best you'll 'see' is 60fps even though the gpu is painting 100 frames per second. If the monitor is 144Hz, you'll 'see' every single one of the 100fps painted by the gpu.
Video still picture takes up next to no power to reproduce, so even an igpu has no issues putting up 144fps on a 144Hz monitor in a windows environment. Graphical picture is entirely different as every pixel is changed from frame to frame. Takes a huge amount of power to get 144 frames painted every second, to cover every single pixel.
Your GT1030 will have no issues with Windows on 144Hz monitor, but plenty of issues with Games at 144fps, it simply is not strong enough. Of course if you have a slow, weak cpu then even that changes things because even with a powerful gpu, if the cpu can't do 144fps then you'll never get 144fps.
The GT1030 supports 144Hz monitors either in the DisplayPort or HDMI port, but the DVI port is single link, therefore only 60Hz.