that is actually relatively simple. (as far as I can see)
Open explorer, find the volume, any volume really, right click, properties.
look on hardware tab, it lists ALL disks/drives on computer.
Go through them one by one, check properties.
look on volumes tab, click "populate" which brings up which volumes are on disk.
Once you find correct disk, earlier properties page tells which sata port it is connected to.
Edit: if you have RAID setup, well.. that wont help there but raid managers usually can tell which sata port which disk is connected to anyway so that is a non-issue.