By "if not cooled at all", no heat sink, it actually depends. Of all the videos I'm willing to look up on YouTube, I've found these:
There's also that now 20 something year old video from Tom's Hardware , but I don't think that's representative of today. Of all of these, de8auer's video is closer to what you're looking for. But the summary is the moment you put a load on the CPU, it'll climb up to to at or over 100C (curiously de8auer recorded ~115C ) and then the thermal protection will trip and cause the computer to shut down.
However for lower power CPUs, it'll still get up to around 100C. Whether or not thermal protections trip is another story.