It all depends on whether you have filters in front of the fan intakes and whether you run your case on positive or negative pressure.
Negative pressure cases (more exhaust fans than intake fans) and cases without filters in front of intakes probably needs cleaning every 3 months.
I recently looked at a computer I built > year ago that has filters and positive pressure, and there was only a modicum of dust and a few thin strands of spider webs.
You should most definitely clean out the CPU and GPU fans. If you have a air-based heatsink, make very sure you blow the dust out between the fins - for water coolers, the dust in the radiator fins - dust there acts as an insulator and impairs the heat transfer and efficiency of the cooler.