Ahh. The short answer is that it is a command written into the ATA interface several years ago. It instructs the drive to erase itself. I found out about it reading a document from the National Institute of Standards and Technology:
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-88/NISTSP800-88_rev1.pdf . It is listed as the best way to erase data on a drive securely.
Longer answer 1: When I want to do a Secure Erase, I boot the Parted Magic utility CD and do it from there. There are lots of other ways, but I haven't found a Windows utility to do it.
Longer answer 2: Why bother? SSDs do funny mapping tricks with blocks. If the OS tells an HDD to store this data at this address, it will. An SSD will remap to some other address, as part of algorithms to use memory efficiently and "wear leveling." The SSD keeps track of which blocks of flash memory are free. If you reformat the drive, you free up those blocks but the SSD does not know this; inefficiency results.
How inefficient the result is, and what can be done to fix it, or whether the SSD will cure itself over time, is the subject of a religious debate and I will not address that.
But the Secure Erase lets the SSD know that all of the blocks are unused, giving you a much better starting point for your install.