I have a dell optiplex 980 sff looking to upgrade my core i5 650

Solution
EDIT: Misinformation. Correcting my post, one minute.

Here's a chart of socket 1156 CPUs:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1156

Your current i5 has a 73w TDP and is 2 core / 4 thread. An i5 7xx would bring you up to 4 cores / 4 threads, and an i7 8xx is 4 core / 8 thread.

Here's a list of i7 8xx CPUs:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_microprocessors#.22Lynnfield.22_.2845_nm.29

Your power supply probably won't be an issue. The i7's have a 95w TDP, as opposed to the 73w of your current CPU, and your power supply can likely safely deliver another ~20w, but your cooling system might not be up to the task.
EDIT: Misinformation. Correcting my post, one minute.

Here's a chart of socket 1156 CPUs:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1156

Your current i5 has a 73w TDP and is 2 core / 4 thread. An i5 7xx would bring you up to 4 cores / 4 threads, and an i7 8xx is 4 core / 8 thread.

Here's a list of i7 8xx CPUs:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_microprocessors#.22Lynnfield.22_.2845_nm.29

Your power supply probably won't be an issue. The i7's have a 95w TDP, as opposed to the 73w of your current CPU, and your power supply can likely safely deliver another ~20w, but your cooling system might not be up to the task.
 
Solution
I wouldn't bother upgrading your processor. Just save a bit more and get a newer platform. The G4560 easily outperforms an i7 like the i7 860/870 in gaming or general work usage.

PCPartPicker part list / Price breakdown by merchant

CPU: Intel Pentium G4560 3.5GHz Dual-Core Processor ($59.48 @ OutletPC)
Motherboard: MSI B250M PRO-VD Micro ATX LGA1151 Motherboard ($63.99 @ SuperBiiz)
Memory: G.Skill Aegis 8GB (1 x 8GB) DDR4-2400 Memory ($54.88 @ OutletPC)
Total: $178.35
Prices include shipping, taxes, and discounts when available
Generated by PCPartPicker 2017-05-03 08:46 EDT-0400