Looking at pinnouts, the first two pins are 12V and ground, and they are reversed between the two. You may have blown the VRMs on the motherboard, but that would be really odd - generally applying a reverse voltage would fry the floppy drive, not the motherboard because you would send 12v into the ground of the drive.
Hopefully you just tripped a ground fault. My advice, instead of just trying to power it back on right away, disconnect the PSU plug from the wall outlet and try turning on the power. This should help discharge any remaining voltage from the motherboard. Wait a few minutes, then plug in and power it up.