Intel Core i5-2400 Sandy Bridge Quad-Core 3.1GHz (3.4GHz Turbo Boost) LGA 1155 is a year 2011 model. You can probably replace it with a better LGA 1155 Ivy Bridge model.
Core i7-3770 about $75 on eBay.
You need a newer system as you need most parts replaced, but $200 is not going to be enough for that.