Nope.
The 5Gb/s that a USB3 port can handle is nowhere near enough for a graphics card, for a graphics card you want a PCIe Gen2 8x slot which is about 4GB/s of bandwidth (note that 5Gb = 0.625GB).
If you want to run an external graphics card, the only viable solution right now is either a low performance card connected via Mini-PCIe or Thunderbolt-PCIe enclosure.