Actually, this appears to having nothing to do with it being wired or wireless. If it being wired was the issue your laptop would have been reduced to 30mbit when you connected it via ethernet whether the cable was good or not. In fact, that your laptop continued to get full ~50mbit when plugged in wired more-or-less eliminates your entire network setup as a source of the problem.
That means, very likely, the problem is your desktop (as it's the only common factor that hasn't been eliminated). The windows network stack might be damaged, the drivers might be flawed, something may be eating bandwidth right when you are testing, or the networking hardware may be faulty. Thats where you need to look.
First thing I would try to do is narrow the problem down to either hardware or software.
Most people don't have a spare ethernet adapter laying around. Instead, you might want to download a free linux livecd. You can run linux entirely from such CDs without changing your existing system (don't install anything if it offers) and, since you aren't using your installed os/software/drivers at all, if you still have problems with slowed connection while running from the livecd then you know the issue is probably hardware. If not, then software.
Once you have it narrowed down to either hardware or software either the solution will be obvious (install a new ethernet adapter) or it will just be a matter of eliminating potential software causes one by one.