The answer to your question, why do 16GB RAM have worse timings [slower] than 8GB is the density of the RAM. The more RAM you are accessing, the more demanding it is on the RAM. To have the same timing the 16GB module requires more voltage than the 8GB and you can only go so far in voltage before the life span of the RAM is impacted.
Now, I am speaking in general terms because RAM can be binned or have higher quality components for example, however the above is the answer to your question.
And, to your initial question, is it better to use 2 sticks of RAM or 4? The answer is 2 because two sticks of RAM is easier on the motherboard controller. The controller will have less work to do and run cooler, which impacts the lifespan of the controller. There again, I am speaking in general terms in order to keep my explanation easy to understand.
Note that I have a great deal of education in computer hardware and a vast amount of experience since I got into the computer field over 35 years ago, however, in the past I have confused individuals because I went into to much detail. So, I hope my simple explanations answer your questions.
If I have helped you please select my answer for two reasons, 1.) others that read this with the same questions will see the answer, and 2.) thanks is always appreciated by those of use here that try to help others.