If the LAN and wan cables are swapped, then the router will not function. Some other device on the network may be able to get a public IP address. Or all the devices may just not work, that will depend on your ISP and if they lock to a specific MAC address.
How can you protect your network from being impacted? Prevent physical access to the router and modem. You could use color coded cables so that the error could be identified more quickly, but that can't prevent it. Restricted access is about all you can do.