Are you sure that one 3.5mm port is actually input/output? Unfortunately many laptops have one singular 3.5mm port but it is output only. So a microphone won't work. This leads to needing to use a USB adapter and connect it through the USB port.
Also, you mentioned that you had all three connections plugged in? Not a good idea. Even if it is a dual port, you would still only be able to use either the microphone and headset plugs connected to a single 3.5mm jack and connect that to the port, or connect to the USB port. Not both.
And I have to say that more often than not, even if it is input/output, using an adapter to it for a dual mic/headphone connection often doesn't work. In sure a case a USB adapter is better.