You might be able to trace it if you used a cloud storage service, such as Dropbox. Dropbox logs the last IP address used at the time of login, for example; if the account is set to auto-login when Windows loads, then you can log into your account from a web browser from another computer and check that, then give it to the local authorities.
Otherwise, without special tracing software (like COLGeek mentioned), there isn't much you can do other than hope the local authorities can find it. Check around local computer/electronics shops; it's possible the person will sell the laptop to a local store for cash instead of keep it.