Your describing a couple of issues.
1) If you have missing icons in your start menu. Navigate to the application E.G. (for pinning MS OFFICE WORD) Start > All Programs > Microsoft Office > Right click Word > Select "Pin to start menu"
2) If your updates are failing. Try installing them 1 by 1 instead of mass installing. If you come across an update that fails, Skip it and install the others. This happens a lot when trying to install other updates coupled with Service packs etc.
If I haven't addressed your issues give me further details and i'll see if i can help.