One of the common annoyances I'm seeing with Windows 10 on the customers' computers I support is that it seems to prefer Microsoft's Win 10 drivers over manufacturer's Win 7/8 drivers. The most frequent issue I've seen so far is a device (usually a printer) which worked fine in Win 7/8, worked fine when they upgraded to Win 10. The one day Win 10 does an update and the device stops working. I do some digging and find its driver has been replaced by a Microsoft driver which has no idea how to talk to the device. I've seen this with printers, scanners, network cards, and even a laptop's integrated graphics.
So try checking your motherboard or computer vendor's website and look for Windows 10 drivers, especially Win 10 USB drivers. My hunch is that Windows 10 saw that your original manufacturer drivers were old, said "Microsoft has newer drivers that were made just for Win 10, so I will install those instead", except the Microsoft drivers don't actually work.
In theory you could just reinstall the original Win 7/8 drivers. But on one of the computers I did that on, Win 10 kept auto-updating to the Microsoft drivers again. There used to be an option to tell Win 10 not to update a particular device driver. That worked for about a month. But in the October Win 10 update, that option was either removed or moved to a new location. I haven't been able to find it since. Meaning the only sure fix is to install manufacturer-provided Win 10 drivers.