Aside from obvious answers like: attach a keyboard that does...
Have you checked for the F-keys being tied to a key combo? On one of my keybds the f-keys are on the numbers and I have to hold down the special Fn key to access them. They are also letter blue to make them easier to notice next to the white numbers. Like on some laptops.
If you connect a usb keyboard it's possible the laptop ignores your main keyboard. Unplug the USB keyboard and restart. If it still has issues, you might need to reinstall your keyboard drivers from your manufacturer's website.