Well, if you have another drive, or can borrow one from a friend or relative, and see if IT works in your system, that might tell you if it is in fact your drives or the motherboard. If a known good drive shows up in the bios, then you know something is up with your drives. If it doesn't, then it's probably a motherboard issue.
Damn man, that's a tough learning experience, but you are right. That is exactly why we say always have a backup on something not specific to the main system like optical disks, an external drive, cloud backup, or just another drive that you can remove and store somewhere else. Honestly though, just having a backup at all, like on a secondary disk in the system, is usually enough in most cases. In this case, which is pretty unusual due to the nature of having connected, MAYBE having a problem from the wrong cables. Having a normal backup wouldn't have helped. I always keep an external backup just in case.
I've seen lightning strikes take out an entire array or series of disks, so having something external is always a good line of defense.
Maybe you have a friend or relative that will let you try one of your drives in their machine if you can't get your hands on a known good drive to test out on your machine.