Vellinious :
As a general rule of thumb, most Maxwells can reach 1500+ on the core clock, and between 2000-2100 on the memory. Depending on how cool you keep it.
That's a good initial target to shoot for. Obviously, some can go much higher than that, but only a very small portion of cards aren't able to reach those clocks.
I would say that certain 970s can go to 1500+ or that most cards in certain model lines can go to 1500+. It depends just how good the non-reference model line in question is. From site to site and test to test, certain model lines fare much better than others ... consistently.
The Gigabyte G1 and MSI Gaming series breaks 1500 in almost every review I have seen ... the EVGA and Asus, not so mush. If ya wanna see why these two can manage what most of the competition most oft can not read the bottom third of pages 2 thru 4 here:
http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/graphics/2014/09/19/nvidia-geforce-gtx-970-review/14
As for cooling, that is one reason why I go to Furmark first ... I wanna see if heat is a factor and it has not been on any of our 9xx builds (using Gigabyte / MSI cards). I want to know just how hot things can get and Furmark is the fastest way to do that.
Now it might seem contradictory as I won't use P95 for that reason (I do use P95 to set TIM) .... it generates heat unlike anything your CPU will ever see with real applications. But there is an extreme difference between P95 and CPU based application benchmarks whereas the difference between furmark and gaming is not all that much. MSI's 970 for example goes from 192 watts in Metro to 213 watts in Furmark (+21 watts). The MSI 980 Ti actually drew less power 281 watts in gaming, 279 in Furmark. OTOH, a Gigabyte 980 Ti can pull almost 70 extra watts. Gigabyte however, on their 980 ti goes from 293 to 359
http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/MSI/GTX_970_Gaming/25.html
http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/MSI/GTX_980_Ti_Gaming/28.html
http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/Gigabyte/GTX_980_Ti_G1_Gaming/28.html
It's useful to get the memory / GPU hotter than normal usage as this gives an opportunity to help set the TIM and quickly improve thermal transfer for subsequent testing. It's also useful for determining what, if any, case air flow modifications are necessary.
The 970 had been artificially nerfed by nVidia at release because it was just too danged fast compared to their flagship 980. The 980 Ti has a max temp of 92C and starts throttling at 85C .... leaving 7C of headroom. The 980 gets 13C of headroom (98C / 85C). So why does the 970 with a max temp of 98C start throttling at just 80C ? .... cause otherwise, if they used just the 13C or even the 7C, there'd be no reason to cough up the extra $$ for a 980.
As for relying on Valley, Heaven, Firestrike, while they are good for bragging rights perhaps, as a stability tool, I find them quite unreliable. Don't get me wrong, I do use them to tune OCs, but if you walk way after showing stability in all of them thinking you will be stable in every game you play, you are going to be disappointed. There's a reason why Afterburner has all those profile buttons.... they come in handy as your Firestrike, Heaven, Valley stable OC settings will not be stable in many games.
I don't play a lot of games (3 - 4 a year perhaps) but do troubleshoot a lot of builds and also set up a lot of OCs for user builds .
Profile 1 = Max benchmark stable GFX OCs (4+ hours heaven / valley etc)
Profile 2 = 3/4 of max core and memory Ocs
Profile 3 = Max benchmark stable Core OCs
Profile 4 = Max benchmark stable Memory OCs
Profile 5 = Stock Settings
If there's a problem with 1, then go to 2.....if still a problem, will use 3 and 4 to see whether core or memory causing the issue
Some games are particularly problematic, some examples:
1. BF4 - worst of all time; many users I talk to just go to "Profile 5" which is "stock settings"
2. Witcher 3 - I had no problem with W3 up thru version 1.06 on profile 1 .... 1.08 was introduced some problems .... I'd crash in 1.08 after about 2 hours but only on some days ... other days not at all. Profiles 3 and 4 were not immune ... not often but enough to be annoying .... I was so close to finishing that I just finished game at stock settings (was still getting 80 - 100 fps).
3. Metro 2033 - Would not run at profile 1 ... couldn't get past opening credits.... trimming memory just a notch was good all thru game till one point where you come out from underground. I could change settings to stock, get past this point, save and exit then reset back to OC and all would be fine. Weird cause all that was happening on screen was changing your view from ladder and sky to landscape.
In summary, your max OC will change from tool to tool and from game to game and even from patch to patch. You're not going to spend a day or a weekends fine tuning your settings with benchmarks and then not have to tweak them when you dive into your game collection.
Best that you can do is:
a) Find and read tear down articles to find out which non-reference boards provide the better componentry and how well or even if they take any extra steps to cool that componentry.
b) See if they