If you moved from a place with 110 or 120V power then this is likely to be a power supply issue. Some support dual voltages (meaning both 110V and 220V), and of those that do some do it automatically while others have a switch on the back of the PSU. If you look and see a little red/orange tab that's probably what you need to use to make sure it's on 220V. Other PSUs do not support dual voltage at all so you really need to start by checking the specifications for your PSU. You should see a label on the PSU which describes things like the number of amps (A) on +12V, +5V, and +3.3V. On that label you should also see input power and it might list 120V @ 60Hz, 220V @ 50Hz, or something a little different (110V, 230V, 240V). The key part is you need a 220/230/240V @ 50Hz on that label in order to run your PC in Switzerland. If it lacks this, you need a new PSU. Of course your PSU isn't broken in this case, it's just incompatible with Europe. Of course if you moved from anywhere in Europe this is not the problem as you already had 220-240V power.
The fact you're getting some power at all is rather interesting as it should be indicative of the USB ports properly having +5V power. Since this needs to ultimately come from the PSU, it's possible your PSU is just fine and there's an issue related to something that happened while moving.
Assuming your PSU is compatible with Swiss power, I've encountered a situation where the fans spin but the PC doesn't boot a few times. I'm talking no POST, no display, nothing. Every time I've seen this it ended up being an electrical short between the motherboard and the case. It's possible something came loose in transit and is wedged between the motherboard and case or that the motherboard isn't securely attached to the case anymore.
Now, it's possible that your monitor is also not dual voltage or isn't compatible with Swiss power. Check to make sure it is, or if you moved from another European country then obviously ignore that.
Next, my suggestion here is to take the motherboard out of the case, and put the motherboard on something non conductive (I usually use a cardboard box). Connect it to the monitor, keyboard, and PSU. If you have long enough cables for the power switch, use that cable to connect to the power switch header and try turning your PC on. If you don't, you can use a screwdriver to quickly tap the two pins on the motherboard - or if you have a power button on the motherboard obviously go with that. If you can verify that your parts still work outside of the case then you have essentially determined the problem is something electrical related to the installation in the case. The frustrating part of this is that sometimes dust is conductive and sometimes when you move a computer that can get dislodged and cause it to no longer boot. It's unlikely to have actually killed any component, but it can require that you essentially clean out the case very well and make sure you have a good installation.
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The power adapters you're talking about only convert the physical connectors. There are separate devices which can actually convert 220V 50Hz to 110V 60Hz called a "step up transformer" or a "step down transformer" (in your case, assuming you would need 110V power). These are AC to AC converters; a cheap 500W transformer would be about $35.
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