I am assuming that you are talking about separate physical drives and NOT separate partitions and that none of the data you want to save is on the partition that the OS is on.
You can wipe out and reinstall Windows 10 on one drive while keeping all the data on the other drives. You just have to make sure you select the right drive to wipe during installation. If you want to be really safe, identify the drives that only have data on them and remove them from the system. Just leave the install drive in and go ahead and wipe it and reinstall Windows. Then put the other drives back in.
If you instead/also have multiple partitions on the OS drive, some with data that you want to save, then you'll need to wipe JUST the OS partitions. These usually include at least the system reserved, recovery partition, and primary partition.