I'm not sure why you are concerned about connecting to a "SATA bus". Many peripherals (including an ARGB Controller) require a power supply, and there really are only two types readily available from any PSU. The older ones are the 4-pin Molex females used for older devices; the newer ones are SATA power output connectors. These are NOT involved in the SATA data transfer systems - they are solely to provide power from the PSU for devices that have SATA inputs - typically SATA storage devices, but other items, too.
You are not looking for an ARGB Splitter (connects many lights to one ARGB header, with no external power added) or an ARGB Hub (connects to that signal source, but requires power fed from the PSU). You are looking for a third-party ARGB Controller. It provides power AND control of the lighting devices attached to it, and it will require a power connection from the PSU. These come with three possible means of setting the display patterns. One type has buttons on the Controller box for manual settings, so you need to be able to place it where you can reach it. A second type comes with a separate battery-powered hand-held remote control box with multiple buttons, and it communicates with the actual Controller inside your computer case by radio signals. The third type requires an additional connection from the Controller to a mobo USB2 header, plus use of a free software utility you download and run. That utility communicates with the Controller via the USB2 connection, so you use on-screen menus to set up your displays.
The most common types of lighted fans these days contain a fan motor and some lights in the frame. Each of these is separate electrically. So the unit has one cable from it ending in a 3- or 4-hole fan connector that plugs into a mobo fan header for power and control of the MOTOR only. Then it has another cable ending in a wider connector for the lights in the frame. In your case, since you have ARGB lights, this should look like it had 4 holes in a row, but the third hole is blocked off. That normally connects to a male ARGB header on the mobo or to some other separate Controller.
Now, you have fans that were part of an AIO cooler system. You have not told us what system, but we may need to know that to be sure we give you the right advice. IF that is a complete AIO system with pump, rad, and fans containing ARGB lights, such kits usually also include some basic lighting Controller for people just like you who have NO ARGB header on the mobo. So, do you have that? The maker and model of that AIO kit would help us advise. BUT if you don't have that Controller, OR you don't like the way it operates, OR you have a custom system from separate components, you will need a third-party ARGB Controller that has STANDARD ARGB lighting ports. That ASSUMES that the lighting cables from your fans ARE standard. However, if your fans use non-standard connectors, you will have special needs. That is another reason we need to know what you really do have.
This Controller from Cooler Master
The Addressable RGB LED Controlleris a compact size Addressable RGB LED controller that allows you to easily customize your ARGB devices without the need for either an ARGB capable motherboard or software. With different lighting modes, you can have full customization and your PC illumination...
www.coolermaster.com
has several options. It has buttons on itself for manual settings. It includes a port where you can plug in the cable from your case's front panel Reset switch to let that be your lighting setting control. It can accept an ARGB signal from a mobo header, but you don't have that. It has a port and cable to connect to a mobo USB2 header that is a MAYBE situation. The web page merely says that can be used for updating the Controller firmware. But Cooler Master Tech Support told me that this also can be used with their proprietary software utility MasterPlus+ for software control of the system. If that interests you, make sure to contact Cooler Master yourself directly and get their assurances that this really does work. This Controller DOES use standard 3-pin ARGB male output ports so can he used with any standard lighting unit.
This Razer Chroma Addressable RGB Controller
https://www.razer.com/gaming-pc-accessories/razer-chroma-addressable-rgb-controller/RZ34-02140600-R3U1
has six standard ARGB ports and comes with cables for connection to a power supply and a mobo USB2 header. You download and run their proprietary utility Synapse 3 for software control.