Clearly the problems began on August 13th.
Any particular changes to the computer on that day?
PSU: make, model, wattage, age, condition (original to build, new, refurbished, used)?
Varying errors and increasing numbers of errors suggest (to me anyway) that there is a power problem.
On the other hand, an initial power problem or some other happening could have corrupted files. Will set that aside for now.
= = = =
The first clue being that the Orico enclosure/disk (kc600) is not working on other computers such as your brother's macbook.
Is it possible to try the enclosure/disk on another (3rd) known working computer?
Try another known working SSD in the enclosure. Be aware that if the enclosure is the problem, then that test SSD could be corrupted.
Try the SSD in another known working computer without the enclosure.
Also what was the reason for the 60 watt cable? I have an Orico drive (Model 2189U3, 2.5", 5v, 900ma) and then enclosure came with its' own 1 meter cable.
Determine where the problem resides: host computer, disk, or enclosure.
I do not expect the problem to be the host computer: which leaves the disk, enclosure, or cable.