There will be a shorted protection diode or electronic fuse on the SSD PCB. TVS diodes are designed to go short circuit when exposed to an overvoltage. E-fuses should theoretically afford better protection, but they don't always survive.
In any case this means that your PSU killed your SSD, or perhaps you received a faulty SSD that was returned by another customer.
I would start by measuring the SATA power pins with a multimeter. Use the computer's case ground as the 0V reference. Don't attach any device to the cable.
https://pinoutguide.com/Power/sata-power_pinout.shtml