In short, your drive has failed SMART, probably due to an excessive number of reallocated sectors.
Try a comprehensive SMART diagnostic. Look for reallocated, pending, or uncorrectable sectors.
HD Sentinel (DOS / Windows / Linux):
http://www.hdsentinel.com/
HDDScan for Windows:
http://hddscan.com/
See this article for SMART info:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.
About SeaTools Test Codes:
http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?locale=en-US&name=wvc&vgnextoid=573797f40cce3210VgnVCM1000001a...
Your SeaTools test code is unique and is derived from the number of the failing test and the drive's serial number. My understanding is that the second last digit identifies the failing test, as follows:
xxxxxx4x - SMART Fail
xxxxxx5x - Long Test, long LBA test
xxxxxx6x - Short Test, short LBA test
xxxxxxAx - Self-Service SeaTools Test Code
xxxxxxCx - Short Generic
xxxxxxDx - Long Generic
xxxxxxEx - Short DST
xxxxxxFx - Long DST
I believe your only DIY option is to clone your drive sector-by-sector using a tool that knows how to work around bad patches in the media, and then use data recovery software on the clone.
Some freeware cloning tools are ...
dd_rescue: http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/
ddrescue:
http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/ddrescue.html
Comparison between ddrescue and dd_rescue:
http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Ddrescue
Ddrescue can perform multipass cloning. It clones the easy sectors on the first pass, and attempts the more difficult ones on subsequent passes. It can also clone your drive in reverse, thereby disabling lookahead caching. It keeps a log, allowing it to resume after an interruption.
The following thread discusses various freeware and commercial cloning tools:
http://forum.hddguru.com/the-best-disk-cloning-hardware-software-t10396.html