Not easily. It isn't an error I have had to solve before, It is rather strange.
I would boot from the other hdd and copy anything off your normal C drive you want to keep, or did you remove that to test?
If you can, run this on CPU with other drive in it -
https://downloadcenter.intel.com/download/19792/Intel-Processor-Diagnostic-Tool
Do you have a win 10 installer on USB? download the
Windows 10 media creation tool and use it to make a win 10 installer on USB (if need be, do it on another PC) - it is a handy repair disk
If PC won't boot with that drive in it, we can still copy info off hdd by booting off the USB instead
boot from installer
on screen after languages, choose repair this pc, not install.
choose troubleshoot
choose advanced
choose command prompt
type
notepad and press enter
in notepad, select file>open
Use file explorer to copy any files you need to save to USB or hdd