USB provides a faster connection, but it doesn't do anything to make the disk itself faster. A mechanical hard disk in an external USB 3.0 enclosure will be almost as fast as a mechanical hard disk connected via SATA or eSATA - but neither of those is as fast (for random I/Os, anyway) as an SSD connected to SATA.
Going from USB 2 to USB 3 is like increasing the speed limit of a road from 30MPH to 120MPH. Sure, the speed limit is faster, but a moped will still be slower than a Porsche.