Speaking as a guy that sent back a GPU because of this (Didn't know at the time), it's most likely the adapters themselves.
Honestly for such a powerful card it's probably high-time you upgraded your monitor setup. Analog signal is iffy at best.
Because VGA is an analog signal and DVI digital, the quality of your display, if any display at all, depends greatly on the adapter and/or cable quality.
Those little cheap-ish white ones are bonefied useless. The chunkier black and gold ones are where it's at.
I'm sorry I can't help you further, it's been many years since I used the adapter setup. One final word of note though, check out what particular DVI ports are on the back of your brand of 280x. There are DVI ports that are strictly digital (Known as DVI-D) and DVI ports that have 4 extra pin holes (Known as DVI-I). If yours happen to be DVI-D then you're pretty much boned with an analog setup.
This is most likely the case since most GPUs have ditched support for DVI-I nowadays. At a pinch, the second DVI port could be DVI-I. It's easy to visually see the difference between the two, simply Google Image search the two types and one of the first images should be a detailed explanation.