AMD is one firm, intel is another firm (like samsung and apple, both making something similar)
u can use any GPU on intel, no matter brand
core is cpu, 2 cores are 2 cpus and so on, they are so small that u can have many cores (cpus) in a single package, so 8 core CPU is basicly 8 cpus
one cpu (core) can run one thread, two cpus (cores) can run two threads at same time (without slowing down each other)
modern games/apps are designed to run on multiple threads, so with more threads performance goes up, but still one app usualy use 4/6 threads, so u can run more apps with more cores without slowing down your PC by much
as for hyperthreading (extra free threads), cpu (lets say 4cores 8 threads)can run 8 threads, but they have some shared resources so that performance wont be on pair as with 8 core/8 threads cpu, performance will be still higher than with plain 4 core/4thread cpu
so lets say u have 4 core with 8 threads
u run some game which can fully use 4 cores, task manager will report that 50% of your CPU is under use, so u open something in background like youtube/music whatever, and cpu usage will go up, but once your background apps touches those shared resources (1 core has 2 threads with something shared for both threads like integer math/ floathing point math, whatever), then your game fps will drop a little bit down, as those background apps will ninja some compute power from your real cores
so those extra HT threads shouldnt be really counted as something that can replace true cores, it gives some free extra, but not much tbh
last question is a bit tricky but 6core 3.5GHz+ would be short answer