Yes, it could be damaged. But it would take quite a bit of force. And it depends on what is in your computer.
Hard drives are susceptible to impact when they are actively running. The read/write heads will be micrometers from the surface of the spinning platter.
Fan bearings also, but to a much lesser degree.
Large graphics cards on desktop PCs often hang down and can be knocked out of the slot, causing damage to the motherboard, graphics card, and potentially the CPU.
You could also potentially knock a wire loose, but fairly unlikely.
Laptops are designed to be moved around more than desktop PCs. Their hard drives are a little more robust, but that technology has made its way into most hard drives. If enough force is detected the...