In general, an adapter card, or in other terms, a controller card, is a card that is connected to the computer, either by way of PCI/PCI-E (wifi card, expanded usb cards) or depending on what you are looking at, it could connect via USB, and all it really is is printed circuitry that allows computers the use of new hardware. Adapter Card is a broad term that classifies a lot of different pieces of hardware, but these are just the basics of it.
P.S: If you want to have some fun with this report, which I would like to assume is school related but I could be wrong about that, use the elongated versions of the PCI and USB acronyms, which are Peripheral Component Interconnect/Peripheral Component Interconnect-Express and Universal Serial...