I can't seem to find any info on this online. Do manufacturers usually use stainless steel, carbon steel, galvanized steel, an alloy, or something else?
Most are made of SECC: https://www.finishing.com/65/70.shtml
It's a very low carbon steel electrically coated with, usually, Zinc to improve corrosion resistance.
A few use other materials, Lian Li for example are well known for their excellent (if expensive) Aluminium alloy cases.
Minor point on metallurgy: Steel is an alloy of Iron and Carbon ( two metallic elements ) to which other elements will be added to give the alloy its desired properties, mainly you'll see them using: Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum, Manganese, Tungsten and Vanadium but more exotic alloys are available.