So Modular basically means that the cables are plugged into the power supply individually. What this means for you is that a modular or semi modular PSU has fewer extra unused cables in your computer case.
The Bronze or Gold rating refers to the efficiency of the power supply (between the wall socket and the PSU). Basically if a PSU is 80% efficient (bronze rating, 80% minimum) and your computer is using 400w the power supply needs to draw 500w from the wall to send 400w to the PC. Gold rating is 90% efficient (min) so in the same scenario the PSU would draw 444w from the wall to provide 400w to the PC. In order to achieve the gold rating higher quality components are typically used so in general they are higher quality (but not...