Question Windows won't boot when SSD plugged in after power outage

Sep 15, 2023
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My PC had shut down due to a power outage. Afterwards, it would not boot properly, looping the Windows circle animation. Same thing on "Preparing Automatic Repair", it wouldn't progress any further. Even plugging in a USB drive and booting from it did nothing.
After a bit of whack-a-mole with hardware, unplugging an SSD fixed the issues and I was back in.
So now the question is what's wrong with it and how can I fix it?

The drive is a Samsung SSD 870 EVO 1TB. I have two of these, the other is working properly. If it's plugged when booting, system won't boot, however if I plug it in after logging in, it's detected by Device Manager with correct name (only difference is Events log being empty on the broken one), Disk Management freezes up, and Explorer sees the drive with correct letter (D: ), but generic name and no info about used/available space, and freezes when attempting to open it. Task Manager would also freeze when trying to close it, for some reason, and closed as soon as I unplugged the drive.
I tried running "chkdsk D: /f /r" twice times for about 5 minutes each, first time after about a minute it showed "The type of the file system is NTFS.", but nothing else. Second time I unplugged other drives but nothing showed at all.
When I checked in BIOS, it was not visible there. BIOS is currently on default settings.
Tried swapping cables with the "good" drive, this one still refuses to work.

Is there anything I can try to bring it back to life, possibly with the contents mostly in-tact? The fact that I have an identical drive running a-okay is what worries me that it's not just some BIOS setting or driver error.
 
See if the SSD that you've narrowed down to, exhibits the same behavior on a donor platform/system.

Please list the specs to your build like so:
CPU:
CPU cooler:
Motherboard:
Ram:
SSD/HDD:
GPU:
PSU:
Chassis:
OS:
Monitor:
include the age of the PSU apart from it's make and model. BIOS version for your motherboard at this moment of time?
 
Checked on another system, same behavior.

One more thing I noticed is that in Task Manager under Performance tab, it has 100% active time from the moment I plug it in, and every few seconds Average response time jumps to around 2100-2150 ms. Read speed would stay at 0 with a rare jump to 5-15KB/s maybe once a minute.

I also looked into Event Viewer and found a couple messages like this
The system failed to flush data to the transaction log. Corruption may occur in VolumeId: D:, DeviceName: \Device\HarddiskVolume12.
Failure status: The I/O device reported an I/O error.
and
The system failed to flush data to the transaction log. Corruption may occur in VolumeId: F:, DeviceName: \Device\HarddiskVolume6.
Failure status: A device which does not exist was specified.

CPU: Ryzen 3700X
CPU cooler: AMD Wraith Prism
Motherboard: MSI B450 Tomahawk MAX, BIOS: E7C02AMS.370 Build Date 06/09/2020
Ram: Corsair Vengeance LPX 16 GB DDR4-3200
SSD/HDD: Samsung SSD 970 EVO Plus + 2x (now 1x) Samsung SSD 870 EVO 1TB
GPU: MSI GeForce GTX 1660 Super
PSU: Corsair RM650x, about 3 years old
Chassis: Fractal Meshify
OS: Windows 10 up to date
Monitor: Dell S2719DGF