You normally only have 2 cable sets running to the motherboard.
1 is the main ATX power connector. These have either 20 or 24 pins depending on the age of the system. Most power supplies will have a 20+4 design so you can remove the unused 4 for older systems.
2 is the 4 or 8 pin connector(may be able to break in half [4 + 4] to allow use on older systems) for the cpu power. It was added when cpu's started needing more power. This cable brings only 12 volts.
You will also see 6 and 8 pin pci-e power cables. These are for video cards and some other devices that require 12 volts. These are not for the motherboard and are most often labeled as pci-e.
You will also have other non power cables to the board for data(SATA,USB,ect) and for buttons(power and reset) and indicator leds(power, hdd and sometimes network).
EDIT
I list of power cables from Antec may help you out as well.
http://support.antec.com/support/solutions/articles/1000140052-what-is-this-connector-for-