Prices vary everywhere. Average R9-280 is about ~$200. Average R9-280X is about ~$250.
Each vendor gets to set the clock speeds themselves. If they spend the time to bin the chips and assembled cards, they will make multiple product lines with different factory clocks. You might get a fully functional R9-280X GPU that doesn't have a very good temperature envelope, so it is downclocked so the cooler is effective.
(Though most R9-280X are indeed just under or above 1Ghz)