so, say if you had 2 x z80 processors, these could be put together to run a 16 bit system?
While you can emulate at the software level higher "bittage", you can't do it at the hardware level. When you say a CPU is "x-bit", it implies the math (integer) operations are x-bit wide, the registers for pointers (memory) are (up to) x-bit in length and some other specific hardware implications. Having 2 CPUs with lower bittage won't be able to individually address more memory or calculate higher (hardware) bittage operations.
So, in short: nope.
On a more general note, the waters are a bit murkier nowadays thanks to SIMD engines in CPUs, as they support really wide bittage operations.
Cheers!